Can I receive bank verification codes on an internet number?

An internet phone number can be bought in minutes, from anywhere, with a card. That is exactly what makes it useful for calling, and exactly what makes it unsuitable as a proof of identity. Fraud teams treat the ability to obtain a number instantly as a risk signal, so many institutions check the number against a database of ranges known to belong to internet providers and refuse the ones that match.

It is not a technical limitation and nothing about the number stops a text arriving. It is a policy decision made by the organisation sending the code, which means no calling service can promise otherwise, and any that does is describing something outside its control.

Keep one ordinary mobile number alive as your identity number, even a cheap prepaid one in your home country, and use it only for codes. It does not need a data plan or credit for most services, only the ability to receive a text.

If the actual problem is that your bank is texting a number you can no longer reach, a phone call will not solve it. Changing the number on the account usually has to be done in the bank's app or in writing, and the call you place here is how you reach them to start that process.